JinkoSolar

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A global photovoltaic manufacturer producing solar wafers, cells, modules, and related solar-energy solutions.

Last updated October 23, 2026

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Overview

JinkoSolar is the principal operating brand of JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd., a photovoltaic manufacturer with its corporate headquarters in Shanghai and origins in Shangrao, Jiangxi, China. Established in December 2006, the company developed from a solar-materials and component producer into a vertically integrated supplier covering silicon ingots, wafers, solar cells, photovoltaic modules, and project-oriented energy solutions. Its modules are sold through a worldwide commercial network serving utility-scale solar farms, commercial and industrial installations, residential systems, and off-grid or specialized applications. The company's central business is the design and manufacture of crystalline-silicon photovoltaic modules. JinkoSolar has pursued vertical integration so that several stages of production, from wafer and cell manufacturing through module assembly, can be coordinated within its supply chain. This model is intended to support scale, quality control, technology development, and cost competitiveness in a market characterized by rapid improvements in conversion efficiency and intense price pressure. The company has also invested in n-type cell technologies, including TOPCon, and markets high-output module families under names such as Tiger and Tiger Neo. JinkoSolar expanded internationally during the 2010s. It established manufacturing operations in Malaysia in 2015 and opened its first United States factory in 2019. The company later established a manufacturing facility in Vietnam in 2022. Its international footprint has helped it serve customers closer to major solar markets while also reducing dependence on a single production location. JinkoSolar is associated with the Silicon Module Super League, an industry grouping of large module manufacturers that also includes Canadian Solar, Hanwha Q CELLS, JA Solar, and Trina Solar. JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd. became a public company on the New York Stock Exchange in May 2010 under the ticker JKS. Its subsidiary, Jinko Solar Co., Ltd., was separately listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange's Science and Technology Innovation Board in 2022. The two listings reflect the distinction between the Cayman Islands-incorporated holding company and its mainland Chinese operating subsidiary. Beyond component manufacturing, JinkoSolar has participated in major utility-scale projects. It supplied equipment and held a 20% ownership interest in the 2 GW Al Dhafra Solar project in the United Arab Emirates, announced in 2020 and opened in 2023. The project became one of the world's largest solar installations at the time and illustrates the company's participation in projects that combine module supply with long-term infrastructure ownership or development exposure. The company has also faced scrutiny connected with the solar industry's supply-chain and forced-labor allegations in Xinjiang. In 2021, United States Customs and Border Protection blocked imports of certain JinkoSolar products under enforcement associated with the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act. In August 2023, the U.S. Department of Commerce determined that JinkoSolar had not circumvented tariffs on Chinese-made goods. U.S. authorities raided the company's Jacksonville offices in May 2023 in an investigation reported in connection with supply-chain concerns; the available reference material does not establish a final enforcement outcome as of May 2024. As a mature international module supplier, JinkoSolar's positioning combines large-scale manufacturing, vertically integrated production, high-efficiency cell and module technology, and participation in utility-scale renewable-energy projects. Its competitive environment includes other major Chinese manufacturers as well as international module companies. The brand remains active in the global photovoltaic market, while its future performance is shaped by module pricing, trade policy, local-content rules, manufacturing localization, technology transitions, and scrutiny of upstream supply-chain traceability.

History

JinkoSolar was established in December 2006 in Shangrao, Jiangxi, China. It entered the photovoltaic industry during a period when the global solar market was expanding rapidly and manufacturers were increasing capacity across the silicon, wafer, cell, and module value chain. The company developed an integrated production model rather than limiting itself to final module assembly. Its activities came to include silicon ingots, wafers, solar cells, and photovoltaic modules, with modules becoming its principal commercial product. The company became publicly listed on the New York Stock Exchange in May 2010. The listing provided access to international capital markets and increased the visibility of a Chinese photovoltaic manufacturer among global investors and energy customers. JinkoSolar subsequently expanded its production and commercial presence outside mainland China. In 2015 it established manufacturing operations in Malaysia, adding an important overseas base to its supply network. Technology development became an important part of the company's competitive strategy. JinkoSolar entered a 2015 partnership with DuPont concerning materials used in photovoltaic metallization pastes and polyvinyl fluoride films. In 2019, the company began mass production of n-type TOPCon cells, a technology associated with higher-efficiency photovoltaic designs. It also officially opened its first U.S. factory in 2019. In 2022, JinkoSolar established a factory in Vietnam, further broadening its manufacturing footprint. JinkoSolar's role expanded beyond selling modules into participation in large renewable-energy infrastructure. The company supplied equipment for, and took a 20% ownership stake in, the 2 GW Al Dhafra Solar project in the United Arab Emirates. Announced in 2020 and opened in 2023, the project was described as one of the world's largest solar installations. This project illustrates a business model in which a module producer can combine equipment supply with ownership or investment in a major solar asset. The corporate structure includes JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd., incorporated in the Cayman Islands and listed in New York, and Jinko Solar Co., Ltd., its mainland Chinese subsidiary. The subsidiary listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange's Science and Technology Innovation Board in 2022. These parallel listings give the broader JinkoSolar organization access to both international and Chinese equity markets, although the holding company and subsidiary are distinct legal entities. JinkoSolar has also been involved in the solar industry's continuing supply-chain controversy concerning alleged forced labor in Xinjiang. In 2021, U.S. Customs and Border Protection began blocking imports of certain JinkoSolar products under enforcement associated with forced-labor concerns involving Uyghurs. In May 2023, agents from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of Investigation raided the company's Jacksonville, Florida, offices. In August 2023, the U.S. Department of Commerce determined that JinkoSolar had not circumvented tariffs on Chinese-made goods. Reference material available through May 2024 reported no further federal action in relation to the Jacksonville matter. The episode formed part of a broader shift toward stricter traceability requirements and import enforcement across the solar sector. By 2024, JinkoSolar remained an active global photovoltaic manufacturer and a member of the Silicon Module Super League, alongside Canadian Solar, Hanwha Q CELLS, JA Solar, and Trina Solar. Its history is defined by vertical integration, international manufacturing, high-efficiency cell development, public-market expansion, and participation in large-scale solar projects. Its operating environment continues to be shaped by module oversupply and price competition, technology transitions such as TOPCon, trade restrictions, local manufacturing incentives, and demands for auditable supply chains.

2024
Proposed Frankfurt listing
[1]JinkoSolar - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org
JinkoSolar Holding Co. announced a proposed offering of up to 4.5 billion yuan connected with a planned Frankfurt listing.
2023
Al Dhafra project opens
[1]JinkoSolar - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org
The 2 GW Al Dhafra Solar project in the United Arab Emirates opened with JinkoSolar as an equipment supplier and 20% project owner.
2022
Shanghai subsidiary listing and Vietnam expansion
[1]JinkoSolar - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org
Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. listed in Shanghai, while JinkoSolar established a manufacturing facility in Vietnam.
2019
TOPCon mass production and U.S. factory opening
[1]JinkoSolar - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org
The company began mass production of n-type TOPCon cells and opened its first U.S. factory.
2015
Malaysia manufacturing expansion
[1]JinkoSolar - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org
JinkoSolar established manufacturing operations in Malaysia.
2010
New York Stock Exchange listing
[1]JinkoSolar - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org
JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd. listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker JKS.
2006
Company established in Jiangxi
[1]JinkoSolar - Wikipediaen.wikipedia.org
JinkoSolar was established in December 2006 in Shangrao, Jiangxi, China.

Products and positioning

A large-scale, vertically integrated photovoltaic manufacturer focused on high-efficiency modules, global supply, and utility-scale and distributed solar applications.

Solar modules
Photovoltaic modules
Photovoltaic modules are JinkoSolar's main commercial product. The company supplies crystalline-silicon modules for utility-scale solar farms, commercial and industrial systems, residential installations, and other photovoltaic applications. Its module portfolio emphasizes power output, conversion efficiency, durability, and compatibility with large project deployments.
Solar modules
Tiger module series
The Tiger family is a branded line of high-output photovoltaic modules. It represents JinkoSolar's effort to package advances in cell architecture, module layout, and power density into products for residential, commercial, and utility-scale customers. Exact configurations and specifications vary by market and product generation.
N-type TOPCon modules
Tiger Neo module series
Tiger Neo is JinkoSolar's n-type TOPCon-oriented module family. It is positioned around higher efficiency, improved power density, and the performance characteristics associated with n-type cell technology. The family is offered for multiple installation segments, with model availability depending on regional certification and product generation.
Solar cells · 2019
Solar cells
JinkoSolar manufactures photovoltaic cells, including n-type TOPCon cells that entered mass production in 2019. Cells are used internally in the company's module production and form a central part of its vertically integrated manufacturing model.
Upstream photovoltaic components
Wafers and silicon ingots
The company produces silicon ingots and wafers as upstream inputs for photovoltaic cells. These products allow JinkoSolar to coordinate multiple stages of the crystalline-silicon value chain and support its integrated manufacturing strategy.

Controversies

2023
Jacksonville office raid
Department of Homeland Security and FBI agents raided JinkoSolar's Jacksonville, Florida, offices in May 2023. The available reference material places the action within continuing scrutiny of solar-industry supply chains and reports no further federal action as of May 2024.
Source
2021
U.S. import blocking over forced-labor concerns
U.S. Customs and Border Protection began blocking imports of certain JinkoSolar products amid concerns about alleged forced Uyghur labor in solar supply chains. The matter formed part of wider U.S. enforcement involving products linked to Xinjiang and the Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act.
Source
2020
Düsseldorf court issues patent determination concerning JinkoSolar modules
The Regional Court of Düsseldorf determined that third-party cell technology in certain JinkoSolar-branded modules that are no longer in production infringes a patent held by Hanwha Q CELLS. JinkoSolar said it disagreed and would appeal.
Source
2020
ITC issues non-infringement determination in JinkoSolar patent investigation
The U.S. International Trade Commission issued a final determination in JinkoSolar's favor, concluding that JinkoSolar products do not infringe a patent asserted by Hanwha Q CELLS.
Source
2011
Pollution from Haining production facility sparks protests; facility fined and ordered to suspend production
In September 2011, environmental pollution from JinkoSolar in Haining, Zhejiang, triggered protests by local residents. Yicai interviewed environmental authorities, who confirmed that the company had pollution problems; it received an administrative penalty of 470,000 yuan and was ordered to suspend production for rectification. This entry concerns an environmental incident at a local production entity and is not linked to allegations of overseas labor issues involving the company.
Source

2024
Proposed Frankfurt listingStrategy
Background
JinkoSolar announced plans to seek additional European capital-market access.
Action taken
JinkoSolar Holding Co. announced an offering of up to 4.5 billion yuan intended to support a Frankfurt stock-exchange listing.
Proposed offering size. Up to 4.5 billion yuan (Announced November 2024)
Source
2022
Mainland subsidiary public listingStrategy
Background
JinkoSolar used a two-level corporate structure comprising a Cayman Islands holding company and a mainland Chinese operating subsidiary.
Action taken
Jinko Solar Co., Ltd. listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange's Science and Technology Innovation Board.
Aftermath
The broader group gained a second public-market platform in addition to the New York listing of JinkoSolar Holding Co., Ltd.
Source
2020
Investment in the Al Dhafra solar projectStrategy
Background
Large utility-scale projects created opportunities for module manufacturers to combine equipment supply with infrastructure participation.
Action taken
JinkoSolar supplied equipment for the 2 GW Al Dhafra Solar project and acquired a 20% ownership stake.
Aftermath
The project opened in 2023 and became one of the world's largest solar installations.
Ownership stake. 20% (Announced in 2020; project opened in 2023)
Source
2019
Shift toward n-type TOPCon productionGeneration change
Background
The photovoltaic industry was moving toward higher-efficiency cell architectures as manufacturers competed on module output and cost per watt.
Action taken
JinkoSolar began mass production of n-type TOPCon cells.
Aftermath
TOPCon technology became a foundation for later high-efficiency module families such as Tiger Neo.
Source
2015
International manufacturing expansionStrategy
Background
JinkoSolar sought to build manufacturing capacity closer to international markets and diversify its production base.
Action taken
The company established manufacturing operations in Malaysia.
Aftermath
Malaysia became part of JinkoSolar's overseas manufacturing network, later supplemented by facilities in the United States and Vietnam.
Source

Recent events

Unconfirmed
Reported2026.08.19
XtalPi signs AI plus automation high-throughput tandem solar cell R&D strategic cooperation with JinkoSolar subsidiary[11]晶泰控股与晶科能源子公司签署AI+自动化高通量叠层太阳能电池研发战略合作协议prnasia.com
XtalPi Holdings signed a strategic cooperation agreement on AI plus automation high-throughput tandem solar cell R&D with a subsidiary of JinkoSolar. The two parties have established a joint venture company to jointly build the world's first fully closed-loop tandem cell intelligent manufacturing line integrating AI decision-making, robot execution and data feedback; the project is underway.
2021.06.21
Reported2021.06.21
JinkoSolar announces planned investment in polysilicon production project[12]晶科能源宣布计划投资多晶硅生产项目prnewswire.com
JinkoSolar announced that its holding subsidiary plans to invest RMB315 million in Inner Mongolia Xinte, whose investment will support construction of a high-purity polysilicon production line with annual capacity of 100,000 tons. The announcement said JinkoSolar would hold a 9.00% stake after the capital increase is completed.
2020.09.21
Reported2020.09.21
JinkoSolar says Jiangxi Jinko may seek a STAR Market listing[13]晶科能源称江西晶科未来三年内或寻求科创板上市finance.sina.com.cn
JinkoSolar said it was considering seeking an opportunity for Jiangxi Jinko to list on China's STAR Market within the next three years; the source describes this as a consideration, not a completed listing.
2020.07.01
Reported2020.07.01
JinkoSolar wins All Quality Matters Award[14]晶科能源获得全质量卓越奖prnewswire.com
JinkoSolar announced that it won the 6th All Quality Matters Award for PV Module Energy Yield Simulation in the Mono Group at Solar Congress 2020.
Unconfirmed
Reported2020.06.19
PV module supply contracts awarded in 3 GW procurement[15]3吉瓦光伏组件采购合同授予供应商finanznachrichten.de
China National Nuclear Corp. awarded supply contracts to seven PV module manufacturers in a 3 GW procurement round.
Unconfirmed
Reported2020.06.19
Düsseldorf court issues patent determination concerning JinkoSolar modules[9]Düsseldorf court issues patent determination concerning JinkoSolar modulesprnewswire.com
The Regional Court of Düsseldorf determined that third-party cell technology in certain JinkoSolar-branded modules that are no longer in production infringes a patent held by Hanwha Q CELLS. JinkoSolar said it disagreed and would appeal.
2020.06.03
Reported2020.06.04
ITC issues non-infringement determination in JinkoSolar patent investigation[10]ITC issues non-infringement determination in JinkoSolar patent investigationprnewswire.com
The U.S. International Trade Commission issued a final determination in JinkoSolar's favor, concluding that JinkoSolar products do not infringe a patent asserted by Hanwha Q CELLS.
2020.06.03
Reported2020.06.03
JinkoSolar Tiger Pro Series receives IEC salt mist corrosion certification[16]晶科能源Tiger Pro系列获得IEC盐雾腐蚀认证prnewswire.com
JinkoSolar announced that its Tiger Pro Series high-efficiency modules received the first IEC 61701 Ed. 3 (FDIS) certification for salt mist corrosion, issued by TÜV Nord AG.
2020.04.10
Reported2020.04.13
ALJ rules JinkoSolar products do not infringe Hanwha patent[17]行政法官裁定晶科能源产品未侵犯韩华专利prnewswire.com
An administrative law judge in the U.S. International Trade Commission investigation granted JinkoSolar's motion for summary determination of non-infringement of Hanwha Q CELLS' patent. The Commission will review the ruling.
2020.03.06
Reported2020.03.06
JinkoSolar raises 2019 guidance[18]晶科能源上调2019年业绩指引finanznachrichten.de
JinkoSolar raised its guidance for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2019; the revised guidance was subject to completion of the company's internal review process.

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