Negros Occidental

Negros Occidental is a province in the western portion of Negros Island in the Philippines. Its provincial capital is Bacolod, a highly urbanized city that is geographically within the province but administratively independent from the provincial government. Bacolod is also one of the designated regional centers of the Negros Island Region. The province extends along the island's western and northwestern side, facing Guimaras and Iloilo across the Panay Gulf and Guimaras Strait, and sharing an internal boundary with Negros Oriental. The province is widely associated with sugar. Its fertile volcanic soils, broad plains, established irrigation and transport systems, and historic concentration of haciendas and sugar mills made it the core of Philippine sugar production. Negros Occidental is consequently known as the Sugar Bowl of the Philippines. Sugar remains central to its identity and economy, although the province has progressively diversified into aquaculture, fishing, livestock, high-value crops, manufacturing, services, tourism and other commercial activities. The island was known by local communities as Buglas before Spanish colonization. Spanish explorers encountered Ati inhabitants in the sixteenth century and applied the name Negros to the island. Early settlements included Binalbagan and Ilog, while Ilog became the first provincial capital in 1743. The seat of government later moved to Himamaylan and then permanently to Bacolod in 1849. In 1890, the Spanish administration divided the island into Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental. After Spanish rule ended, the two provinces briefly formed the Cantonal Republic of Negros, based in Bacolod, before the arrangement was absorbed into the American-administered Philippine civil government in 1901. During the American period, preferential access to the United States market helped expand the sugar economy. Railways and sugar centrals connected plantation districts and processing centers, while migration from Panay supplied much of the agricultural workforce. Spanish, Chinese, French and other migrant communities also contributed to commerce, estate management and industrial development. The sugar economy later became vulnerable to international price movements and government-controlled trading arrangements. The collapse of sugar prices in the early 1980s contributed to severe unemployment, indebtedness and malnutrition during the Negros famine. Negros Occidental was occupied by Japan during the Second World War. Residents moved into inland areas, while local guerrilla forces supported resistance, intelligence and sabotage operations. Filipino and American forces, assisted by Negrense guerrillas, completed the liberation of Negros on August 6, 1945. The province experienced major political and social upheaval under martial law, including the 1982 Maricalum mining disaster, the 1984 Negros famine and the 1985 Escalante massacre. After the 1986 People Power Revolution, economic conditions improved and diversification accelerated. A short-lived Negros del Norte province was created from northern Negros Occidental in 1986 but was declared unconstitutional and abolished within the year. In 2015, Negros Occidental and Bacolod were transferred into the newly created Negros Island Region alongside Negros Oriental. The regional arrangement was abolished in 2017, returning the province and Bacolod to Western Visayas. Proposals for renewed regional or federal cooperation between the two Negros provinces continue to appear in local political discussion. Today, Negros Occidental remains one of the Philippines' more urbanized and economically significant provinces, with thirteen chartered cities and a large population distributed among coastal cities, agricultural municipalities and inland communities.

Negros Occidental occupies the western side of Negros Island, one of the principal islands of the Visayas. Before Spanish rule, the island was known locally as Buglas, a name traditionally associated with the idea of being separated or cut off. Spanish explorers arrived in the sixteenth century and called the island Negros after observing Ati inhabitants. Early settlements included Binalbagan and Ilog, which were formally established as towns in 1572 and 1584. Ilog became the first provincial capital in 1743; the government seat later moved to Himamaylan and then to Bacolod, where it was permanently established in 1849. Spanish authorities divided Negros into western and eastern provinces in 1890. Following the end of Spanish colonial rule, the two provinces briefly participated in the Cantonal Republic of Negros, established in 1898 with Bacolod as its capital. The republic became an American protectorate and was dissolved in 1901, after which Negros Occidental was incorporated into the American-organized civil government of the Philippines. Under American administration and later the Philippine Commonwealth, access to the United States sugar market stimulated plantation expansion and investment in processing infrastructure. From the early twentieth century, railways linked sugarcane-growing districts to sugar centrals. Settlements such as Silay, Bago, La Carlota, Pulupandan, San Carlos and nearby agricultural communities expanded with the sugar economy. Labor migration from Panay brought large numbers of Hiligaynon-speaking workers, while Spanish, Chinese, French and other migrant families participated in estate management, trade and related industries. By the middle of the twentieth century, sugar dominated employment, landholding and political economy across much of the province. The industry became increasingly fragile in the 1970s and 1980s. Government monopolization of sugar trading under institutions associated with the Marcos administration coincided with a later collapse in international sugar prices. The resulting contraction left planters deeply indebted and deprived large numbers of workers and seasonal laborers of income. The crisis produced the humanitarian emergency known as the Negros famine, during which malnutrition became internationally reported. The martial-law period also included the Maricalum mining tailings disaster in 1982 and the Escalante massacre in 1985. Negros Occidental was occupied by Japanese forces during the Second World War. Many residents withdrew into the mountains, and local guerrillas conducted resistance operations. Filipino and American forces, with local support, liberated Negros on August 6, 1945. In the postwar decades, sugar continued to underpin provincial prosperity, but economic diversification later expanded into aquaculture, fishing, livestock, crops, manufacturing, commerce and tourism. After the 1986 People Power Revolution, a campaign to diversify agriculture encouraged investment beyond sugar. The short-lived creation of Negros del Norte in January 1986 altered the province's boundaries, but the new province was declared unconstitutional in July and abolished in August of the same year. In 2015, national government reorganization placed Negros Occidental and Bacolod in the Negros Island Region together with Negros Oriental. That region was dissolved in 2017 for fiscal and administrative reasons cited by the national government. Negros Occidental subsequently returned to Western Visayas. Contemporary proposals have included renewed regional cooperation, reunification or federal arrangements involving both Negros provinces, but no permanent constitutional or administrative merger is established by the supplied sources.

• 2017

  Negros Island Region dissolved

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  Executive Order No. 38 revoked the 2015 regional arrangement.

• 2015

  Negros Island Region established

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  Executive Order No. 183 moved Negros Occidental and Bacolod into a region shared with Negros Oriental.

• 1986

  Negros del Norte created and abolished

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  A new province was carved from Negros Occidental in January, declared unconstitutional in July and abolished in August.

• 1945

  Liberation of Negros

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  Filipino and American forces, supported by local guerrillas, completed the liberation of Negros on August 6.

• 1901

  Incorporation into the Philippine civil government

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  The cantonal republic was dissolved and the province entered the American-administered civil government.

• 1898

  Cantonal Republic of Negros formed

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  The two Negros provinces briefly participated in an independent revolutionary government based in Bacolod.

• 1890

  Negros divided into two provinces

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  Spanish administration created Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental.

• 1849

  Bacolod becomes permanent capital

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  The provincial seat was transferred permanently to Bacolod.

• 1743

  Ilog becomes provincial capital

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  Ilog was designated the first capital of the province.

• 1584

  Ilog established as a town

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  Ilog was formally established during the early Spanish colonial period.

• 1572

  Binalbagan established as a town

  [1]Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org

  Binalbagan became one of the earliest formally established settlements in the area.

A major Philippine agricultural province identified nationally with sugar production, while increasingly presenting itself as a diversified center for food, aquaculture, tourism, services and urban development.

• Agricultural commodity

  Sugar

  Sugarcane cultivation and sugar milling have historically been the defining economic activities of Negros Occidental. The province's plains, volcanic soils, haciendas and sugar centrals supported large-scale production for domestic consumption and export. Sugar also generated molasses and other processing by-products and shaped the province's settlements, transport infrastructure and labor patterns.

• Food and agriculture

  Aquaculture and seafood

  Following the sugar crisis, parts of the provincial economy diversified into prawn and fish farming, marine harvesting and related seafood activities. Coastal communities and island destinations provide the geographic base for aquaculture and fishing, although the supplied material does not identify specific commercial brands or operators.

• Agriculture

  High-value crops and livestock

  Agricultural diversification has included fruits, vegetables, organic produce, livestock and other cash crops. These activities complement rather than fully replace the province's sugar economy and reflect efforts to reduce dependence on a single commodity.

• 1985

  Escalante massacre

  On September 20, government paramilitary forces killed peasant protesters at an Escalante rally held to commemorate the anniversary of martial law.

  Source

• 1984

  Negros famine

  The collapse of sugar prices, combined with government-controlled sugar trading and the industry's dependence on sugar income, caused mass unemployment, widespread hardship and severe child malnutrition among workers and families in Negros.

  Source

• 1982

  Maricalum mining disaster

  A tailings-dam failure associated with the Maricalum mining operation released approximately 28 million tonnes of copper mine tailings, becoming one of the province's most serious pollution incidents.

  Source

Read more

• 2017

  Reversal of regional reorganizationStrategy

  Background

  The national government cited insufficient funds to fully establish the Negros Island Region.

  Action taken

  Executive Order No. 38 revoked Executive Order No. 183.

  Aftermath

  Negros Occidental and Bacolod were returned to Western Visayas, while debate over a shared Negros administrative or federal structure continued.

  Source

• 2015

  Transfer into the Negros Island RegionStrategy

  Background

  National government restructuring sought to place the two Negros provinces within a common administrative region.

  Action taken

  Executive Order No. 183 transferred Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Western Visayas into the Negros Island Region.

  Aftermath

  The arrangement lasted until 2017, when it was revoked and the province returned to Western Visayas.

  Source

• 1890

  Administrative division of NegrosStrategy

  Background

  Spanish authorities sought to administer the island through separate western and eastern jurisdictions.

  Action taken

  Negros Occidental and Negros Oriental were established as distinct provinces.

  Aftermath

  The division remains the basis of the island's modern provincial structure, despite later proposals for reunification or stronger regional cooperation.

  Source

1. 1Negros Occidentalen.wikipedia.org
2. 2Official website of the Province of Negros Occidentalnegros-occ.gov.ph